Senior bureaucrat Arunish Chawla on Thursday took charge as the Secretary, Department of Revenue.

A 1992-batch Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer of the Bihar cadre, Chawla served as the Secretary in the Department of Pharmaceuticals in the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers since November 1, 2023.

On Wednesday, the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet appointed Chawla as the Revenue Secretary.

A doctorate in Economics from the London School of Economics, Chawla served as the Managing Director of the Metro Rail Project Patna; and on Foreign Assignment through Department of Economic Affairs as the Senior Economist, International Monetary Fund.

He has also served as Minister (Economic), for the Embassy of India in Washington DC; and also as Joint Secretary in the Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance, the finance ministry statement said.

Manmohan Singh, the architect of India’s economic reforms, had to literally face a trial-by-fire to ensure widespread acceptance of his path-breaking 1991 Union budget that saw the nation rise from its darkest financial crises.

Singh, the newly-appointed finance minister in the PV Narasimha Rao-led government, did it with great elan—from facing journalists at a post-budget press conference to irate Congress leaders unable to digest the wide-ranging reforms at the parliamentary party meeting.

Singh’s historic reforms not only rescued India from near bankruptcy but also redefined its trajectory as a rising global power.

Singh made an unscheduled appearance at a press conference on July 25, 1991, a day after the presentation of the Union budget, “to ensure that the message of his budget did not get distorted by less-than-enthusiastic officials”, Congress leader Jairam Ramesh wrote in his book “To the Brink and Back: India’s 1991 Story”, that recounts the fast-paced changes that took place after Rao became prime minister in June 1991.

“The finance minister explained his budget—calling it ‘a budget with a human face’. He painstakingly defended the proposals to increase fertiliser, petrol and LPG prices,” Ramesh recounted in the book published in 2015.

Ramesh was an aide to Rao during his initial months in office.

Sensing the disquiet in the Congress ranks, Rao called a meeting of the Congress Parliamentary Party (CPP) on August 1, 1991, and decided to allow party MPs to “vent their spleen freely”.

“The prime minister stayed away and allowed Manmohan Singh to face the flak on his own,” Ramesh wrote, adding that two more meetings took place on August 2 and 3, in which Rao was present throughout.

“In the CPP meetings, the finance minister cut a lonely figure and the prime minister did nothing to alleviate his distress,” Ramesh recounted.

Only two MPs—Mani Shankar Aiyar and Nathuram Mirdha—backed Singh’s budget wholeheartedly.

Aiyar had supported the budget, contending that it conformed to Rajiv Gandhi’s beliefs on what needed to be done to stave off the financial crisis.

Bowing to pressure from the party, Singh had agreed to lower the 40% increase in fertiliser prices to 30% but had left the hike in LPG and petrol prices untouched.

The Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs met twice on August 4 and 5, 1991, to decide on the statement Singh would make in the Lok Sabha on August 6.

“The statement dropped the idea of a rollback, which had been demanded over the past few days but now spoke of protecting the interests of small and marginal farmers,” Ramesh said in his book.

“Both sides had won. The party had forced a rethink but the fundamentals of what the government wanted—the decontrol of prices of fertilisers other than urea and an increase in urea prices—had been preserved,” he recounted.

“This was political economy at its constructive best—a textbook example of how the government and the party can collaborate to create a win-win situation for both,” he added in the book.

He drew the roadmap of India’s economic reform, unshackled it from the licence raj and pulled it back from the brink when even all its gold reserve was pledged. Former prime minister Manmohan Singh was the scholar and architect of the India of today who evolved into a stubbornly resolute politician.

Unassuming, erudite, soft-spoken and a consensus builder, Manmohan Singh died on Thursday night at Delhi’s All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS). He was 92.

The Congress leader, who steered the country for 10 years from 2004-2014 and helped set up the country’s economic framework as finance minister before that, was a renowned name in the global financial and economic sectors.

His government introduced pathbreaking initiatives like Right to Information (RTI), Right to Education (RTE) and MNREGA.

The man who famously spoke of studying under the dim light of kerosene lamps in his village without electricity and went on to become a storied academic was the copybook reluctant politician, almost stumbling into the rough and tumble of mainstream politics.

He was the proverbial dark horse when Sonia Gandhi stepped back from taking the prime minister’s post, ignoring the clamour from her party, and chose him instead. And so Manmohan Singh the academic bureaucrat became the 14th prime minister of India in 2004.

Theirs was a partnership that lasted 10 years, the equation between Sonia Gandhi and Singh often cited for its equanimity and an example of how a working relationship should really be. Notwithstanding the inevitable tensions, Singh also had to balance the interests of the United Progressive Alliance’s coalition partners.

N N Vohra, a former Jammu and Kashmir governor, said Singh always “stood firm as a rock in pursuing the ethical path even if he got into trouble with the political party he represented”.

In 2014, the UPA was voted out in a cloud of corruption scams, establishing BJP’s unbroken rule since then. Hailed for putting India on the road to liberalisation and privatisation in the early 1990s, Singh was criticised for turning a blind eye to charges of corruption.

The going often got tough.

During his first tenure as prime minister, the coalition began to unravel when India signed a civil nuclear deal with the US. It almost cost his government with the Left parties pulling out of the UPA coalition. However, his government survived.

On July 22, 2008, the UPA faced its first confidence vote in the Lok Sabha after the Communist Party of India (Marxist) led Left Front withdrew support over India approaching the IAEA for Indo-US nuclear deal. The UPA won the confidence vote with 275 votes to the opposition’s 256, with a record thin 19-vote victory after 10 MPs abstained.

During the fag end of his tenure as prime minister, when he was seen defending his government’s record and the Congress’ positions on controversial issues such as the 2G scam, Singh spoke up and declared he was not weak.

“I honestly hope history would be kinder to me than the contemporary media, or for that matter, the opposition parties in Parliament,” he had said famously in January 2004.

More than two decades later, Congress president Mallikarjun Kharge reacted to Singh’s death with a poignant post on X: “Undoubtedly, history shall judge you kindly, Dr. Manmohan Singh ji!”

The decade with Singh at the helm of affairs is widely believed to be an era unprecedented growth and prosperity.

His journey to the acme of India’s governance and political power is unique in the annals of India’s politics.

Singh, always seen in a powder blue turban, was appointed India’s finance minister in 1991 in the Narasimha Rao government. His role in ushering in a comprehensive policy of economic reforms is now recognised worldwide.

In January 1991, India struggled to finance its essential imports, especially of oil and fertilisers, and to repay official debt. In July 1991, the RBI pledged 46.91 tonnes of gold with the Bank of England and the Bank of Japan to raise $400 million.

Manmohan Singh soon steered the economy well and was quick to repurchase it months later.

Vohra, who at the time served successively as defence and home secretary said he had to be at then-finance minister Singh’s door daily, “literally begging for some financial relief for the department I was serving”.

Born to Gurmukh Singh and Amrit Kaur on September 26, 1932, in village Gah in the Punjab province of undivided India (now Pakistan), Singh completed his matriculation examinations from the Punjab University in 1948.

His academic career took him from Punjab to the University of Cambridge, UK, where he earned a First Class Honours degree in Economics in 1957. Singh followed this with a D.Phil in Economics from Nuffield College at Oxford University in 1962.

He started his career by teaching in the faculty of Punjab University and the prestigious Delhi School of Economics. He also had a brief stint at the UNCTAD Secretariat and later became secretary general of the South Commission in Geneva between 1987 and 1990.

In 1971, Singh joined the government of India as economic advisor in the Commerce ministry. This was soon followed by his appointment as chief economic advisor in the Ministry of Finance in 1972.

Among the many governmental positions that he occupied were secretary in the Finance ministry, deputy chairperson of the Planning Commission, governor of the Reserve Bank of India, advisor of the prime minister, and chairperson of the University Grants Commission.

His political career started as a member of the Rajya Sabha in 1991, where he was leader of the opposition between 1998 and 2004. Interestingly, the two time prime minister had a 33-year parliamentary innings but only as a Rajya Sabha member. He never won a Lok Sabha election and lost it once to the BJP’s V K Malhotra from New Delhi constituency in 1999.

Singh was often accused by the BJP of running a government that was marred by corruption. The party called him “MaunMohan Singh” alleging that he did not speak out against corrupt leaders in his cabinet.

Notwithstanding the many epithets, Singh always maintained his dignity.

He is survived by his wife Gursharan Kaur and has three daughters. It is a measure of Singh’s understated personality that the country knew little of his family who also went about their lives as low key as they could during his 10 years as prime minister.

Singh was quiet but also firm.

Sources close to him said Singh had almost made up his mind to quit as prime minister in September 2013 after Rahul Gandhi dubbed the Union Cabinet’s decision to bring an ordinance to allow convicted politicians to contest elections “complete nonsense” and recommended it be torn. Singh was abroad at the time.

Singh was highly critical of demonetisation by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2016 and termed it “organised loot and legalised plunder”.

In reply to the no-confidence motion against his government in 2008, Singh said almost prophetically, “The greatness of democracy is that we are all birds of passage! We are here today, gone tomorrow! But in the brief time that the people of India entrust us with this responsibility, it is our duty to be honest and sincere in the discharge of these responsibilities.”