Joe Biden will leave office having taken more action on climate change, arguably, than any US president before him — but one pillar of his climate plan has fallen apart. Climate-driven disasters have displaced millions all over the world, an issue Biden acknowledged early in his term yet did little to address. But as climate change and migration are becoming increasingly intertwined, US policy is anything but prepared.
Science
US immigration policy has a huge blind spot: climate change
Without any explicit legal protections for climate migrants, the US continues to have a giant blind spot as it abandons those fleeing ecological disaster. Where Democrats have under-delivered — and, in some cases, moved to the right — on border issues, Republicans seek to entirely upend the immigration system, dismantle asylum altogether, and strip away environmental regulations. Former President Donald Trump has promised to pull the US out of the Paris agreement, an international treaty to stop global warming. Vice President Kamala Harris has pledged to continue the Biden administration’s climate initiatives and his tougher stance on the border.
“What’s coming up for me is deep heartbreak,” says Ama Francis, climate director at the International Refugee Assistance Project (IRAP). “There’s been this push towards more xenophobic immigration policies across both sides of the aisle. That has significant implications for who the United States considers itself to be — but also for how people can seek safety as we live in these times where our climate is changing and borders are becoming even more violent places.”
Climate migration is happening now
Under current national climate policies, “the best we could expect to achieve is catastrophic global warming,” the United Nations recently warned. Already, disasters push some 25 million people from their homes each year — typically more than the number displaced by conflicts or violence annually, according to the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. In 2023, only one-quarter of those disasters were related to earthquakes. The rest were wildfires, droughts, storms, floods, or weather-related events. Climate change is making each of those problems worse, strengthening hurricanes, raising sea levels, and setting the stage for explosive blazes with hotter, more arid conditions in many parts of the world.
While the majority of people move to another part of the same country afterward, worsening environmental disasters can compound other factors that might eventually lead to international migration. A storm that wipes out crops or knocks down someone’s home could be the final straw that makes it untenable for someone to stay. Other disasters might be more drawn out and could exacerbate other crises. Struggles over dwindling resources can spark larger conflicts, one reason why climate change is often described as a “threat multiplier.”
Over the past year, IRAP and several other organizations that provide legal assistance to US-bound migrants surveyed more than 3,600 people of the individuals they’ve helped. The survey found that 43 percent of the people said they’d experienced some sort of climate-related disaster in the country of origin they left. The most common challenges people faced were severe rainfall and flooding, hurricanes, and extreme heat.
“Hurricane Otis blew off the entire roof of our houses, and with everything exposed to the elements, everything was damaged and spoiled, including the loss of crops,” said a 39-year-old man from Guerrero, Mexico, in the report. The devastation added to other personal losses; the man says his brother was murdered amid ongoing violence in the region where organized crime has had a deadly foothold.
A 24-year-old woman from Guerrero, meanwhile, talked about drought affecting her home. “Due to lack of water, we did not have good harvests, which is what we rely on in Guerrero,” she said in the report.
While climate change might not be the only or even main reason why someone has to leave their home, its footprint is clear in these kinds of stories. Hurricane Otis intensified more rapidly than nearly any other tropical storm on record before making landfall as a Category 5 hurricane in October 2023, becoming one of the costliest disasters of its kind to hit Mexico. Research conducted after the storm determined that heavy rainfall from Otis was “mostly strengthened by human-driven climate change.” Separate research also suggests that climate change will “significantly increase the risks that already vulnerable subsistence farmers’ face in the present” across regions of Mexico where many people grow their own food, including Guerrero.
Biden turns his back on climate migrants
These kinds of experiences are becoming more common, but climate change remains largely unacknowledged in US immigration policy. In the US, the only policy that carves out protections based on environmental catastrophes is called Temporary Protected Status, or TPS. The Secretary of Homeland Security can designate a country for TPS if there are “conditions in the country that temporarily prevent the country’s nationals from returning safely, or in certain circumstances, where the country is unable to handle the return of its nationals adequately.” That includes environmental calamities like hurricanes and earthquakes.
TPS safeguards people from those countries from deportation and allows them to legally work in the US. But as the name suggests, it’s temporary and doesn’t give someone a path to permanent residency or citizenship. Moreover, only people already in the US prior to TPS designation are eligible — it doesn’t extend to new arrivals. The policy is also vulnerable to the whims of each presidency; Trump tried to roll back TPS designations during his first term in office as part of his broader crackdown on anyone seeking refuge in the US. (A similar policy, called Deferred Enforced Departure, gives individuals from certain countries temporary reprieve from deportation if their country of origin has been affected by civic conflict or environmental disasters.)
Biden seemed to reverse course upon stepping into office, issuing executive orders saying he’d undo restrictive Trump-era immigration and asylum policies. An executive order in February 2021 directed the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs to produce a report that would include recommendations for how to recognize, protect, and resettle people “directly or indirectly” displaced by climate change.
“We were so excited,” Francis says. “There was a sense that this administration was really engaged on this issue, and there was this opening to really push the needle forward.”
But Biden’s attempts at undoing Trump’s most harmful immigration policies quickly gave way to a harsher stance on the border. In the end, Biden’s rightward pivot on immigration did little to appease his right-wing critics and only disappointed the migrant advocates who helped get him elected in 2020.
During his first two years in office, Biden kept one of Trump’s most stringent border policies in place: a pandemic-related asylum shutdown called Title 42. Under Title 42, migrants who arrived at the US-Mexico border could quickly be “expelled” to Mexico without a hearing. Customs and Border Protection continued its expulsion policy under Biden but also began granting exemptions to asylum-seekers who met certain criteria. When the Biden administration attempted to end the expulsion policy in 2022, a federal judge blocked it from doing so.
By the time Title 42 expulsions ended in the late spring of 2023, the public sentiment had largely shifted on immigration — and so had that of Biden’s administration. Title 42’s end was coupled with a new policy punishing migrants for attempting to enter the US without authorization. Under the administration’s “Circumvention of Lawful Pathways” rule, most migrants could be denied asylum for crossing the border between ports of entry, even if they would have otherwise been granted protection in the US.
At the same time, Biden dramatically expanded TPS and created new parole programs for migrants from Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua, and Venezuela, as well as for people fleeing the war in Ukraine and the Taliban’s takeover of Afghanistan. The parole grants, however, are only valid for two years, and DHS officials recently said the department would not renew parole for Cubans, Haitians, Venezuelans, or Nicaraguans after the programs expire. As of August, more than 530,000 people from the four countries had entered the US via parole.
Biden’s expansion of temporary migration programs notwithstanding, there are still no dedicated immigration policies for people fleeing climate change-fueled disasters. And while Harris has previously acknowledged that climate change helps drive unauthorized migration, her campaign hasn’t commented on the link between the two; instead, she’s promised to continue Biden’s crackdown at the border.
What’s next?
Congressional efforts to help people affected by climate change overseas resettle in the US have stalled. Congress has not voted on the Climate Displaced Persons Act, a bill introduced by Rep. Nidya Velázquez (D-NY) and Sen. Ed Markey (D-MA) that would create a new visa category for those forced out of their countries of origin by climate disasters, allowing up to 100,000 immigrants to be admitted into the US each year.
Given the fact that Senate Republicans killed a bill limiting asylum because they believed it wasn’t restrictive enough, such legislation is unlikely to pass in the immediate future. If Trump wins the presidential election, there’s virtually no way the US will expand the criteria for asylum or refugee status. In his last year in office, Trump set the annual refugee limit at just 15,000 — the lowest in history. The administration had reportedly considered not admitting any refugees into the country at all.
“President Trump has been very clear on where he stands on this issue,” says Ahmed Gaya, the director of the Climate Justice Collaborative at the Partnership for New Americans. “We would once again face far more extreme restrictions on the legal rights, safe pathways, and on legal immigration, as well as a promise for the largest deportation operation in history.”
In other words, while there’s no negotiating with Trump, advocacy groups may be able to convince Harris to use existing policies to grant protections to climate migrants.
If elected, Harris could grant parole to people from countries affected by hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, and other disasters. She could designate TPS to those countries as well, so undocumented immigrants already living in the US could be shielded from deportation. None of these policies would guarantee that climate migrants have a permanent future in the US, but they would be a start.
Regardless of who is in office in 2025, immigration lawyers can also fight for asylum within the confines of the current law — and they’re already doing so.
Under the Refugee Act of 1980, someone who wants asylum or refugee status has to prove that they face persecution in their country of origin due to their race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group, an expansive category that even immigration attorneys say is difficult to define. The “particular social group” category is a fairly amorphous one, and some immigration judges have interpreted it generously: for example, it has been used to grant asylum to people fleeing gangs or intimate partner violence. This category’s vagueness also leaves it vulnerable to narrow interpretations. The Trump administration prohibited immigration judges and officers with US Citizenship and Immigration Services from granting migrants asylum on these grounds, a decision that was reversed under Biden. IRAP’s report includes several examples of environmental activists and land defenders who were granted asylum after being persecuted for their advocacy.
Taking swift action on climate change, of course, is what it’ll take to prevent displacement in the first place. That includes the US, the world’s biggest historical polluter of planet-heating carbon dioxide, slashing its emissions. Activists from less wealthy countries — including low-lying island nations most vulnerable to sea level rise and strengthening storms — have also pushed for international funds to help their communities recover and adapt.
“I think there need to be a host of options available, and one of those is supporting the right to stay safely in one’s community, knowing that most people do wish to stay,” says Jocelyn Perry, senior advocate and program manager of the climate displacement program at Refugees International.
For many people around the world, though, the option to stay is washing away with rising tides or dissipating in the heat. Looking back on their initial excitement after Biden’s executive order on climate migration and what little progress there’s been since then, Francis says, “I think we, like others, were disappointed.”
Science
Another Trump presidency is literally toxic — his opponents are gearing up for battle
Donald Trump clinched a presidential victory, ushering in another term of environmental rollbacks that’ll make it more difficult to safeguard our air, water, and climate.
“Environmental [regulation] is the biggest tool for stopping growth … it costs much more to do things environmentally clean,” Trump said in a rambling three-hour interview with Joe Rogan on October 25th, when he falsely claimed the US had “the cleanest air and cleanest water” under his watch.
The last time he was president, Trump slashed air and water protections, replacing them with weaker rules that, over time, were expected to lead to thousands more deaths from pollution. Now, his administration could take even more extreme action if it follows eye-popping proposals laid out in Project 2025, a right-wing manifesto written by many former Trump officials. Health and environmental groups are already gearing up for battle.
“It costs much more to do things environmentally clean”
“We really, really need to focus on building more power at the local, tribal, and state and regional levels — understanding that because things are going to be moving much faster this time around, we really need to ramp up,” says KD Chavez, executive director of the Climate Justice Alliance. “We’re just really going to have to lean into our collective power.”
They know what to expect after Trump rolled back more than 100 environmental regulations when he was last in office. That included repealing the Obama-era Clean Power Plan (CPP), a landmark rule that would have set limits to carbon pollution from power plants for the first time, had it been implemented. While it was designed to fight climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, it had the added benefit of cleaning up other kinds of pollution from power plants.
The opposite is also true — delaying action on climate change comes with health risks from the soot and smog that come from burning fossil fuels. The Environmental Protection Agency estimated that the Trump administration’s weaker alternative to the CPP could lead to 1,400 more premature deaths and 48,000 “exacerbated” asthma cases a year by 2030.
Since taking office, President Joe Biden has tried to clean up his predecessor’s mess. Air quality protections the EPA has issued since 2021 are projected to prevent 200,000 premature deaths and result in 100 million fewer asthma attacks in the US through 2050, according to a recent report by a group founded by hundreds of former EPA employees. Those gains are in peril now.
“One of the other things that we’re going to be looking out for is corporate capture”
“With the election of Donald Trump, we know that environmental justice policies that have been hard fought wins over decades are going to be in jeopardy,” Chavez says. “One of the other things that we’re going to be looking out for is corporate capture … We’re probably going to see appointments of industry operatives in key positions of his cabinet makeup and etc., and just giving polluting industries even greater access to our federal agencies.”
On the campaign trail, Trump said he’d create a new role for billionaire backer Elon Musk as “secretary of cost-cutting.” Musk’s companies — SpaceX, Tesla, and xAI — have faced a slew of accusations that they’ve violated environmental regulations when it comes to hazardous waste, water pollution, and air pollution.
The last time Trump was in the White House, he pushed seasoned scientists out of federal agencies and put fossil fuel lobbyists in charge of the EPA. Now, Project 2025 calls for a “major reorganization” of the EPA that would slash the number of full-time positions and eliminate entire departments and any programs deemed “duplicative, wasteful, or superfluous.” While Trump tried to distance himself from Project 2025 on the campaign trail, the lead author of the chapter dedicated to the EPA was written by the former chief of staff at the agency during the Trump administration, Mandy Gunasekara.
“Project 2025 is just full of recommendations that would essentially eviscerate EPA. They would turn it into a shell of what its true mission is,” Stan Meiburg, executive director of the Sabin Center for Environment and Sustainability at Wake Forest University and former acting deputy administrator of the EPA during the Obama administration, previously told The Verge.
It’s difficult to imagine that the US will stay in the Paris climate accord, considering Trump abandoned the international agreement to stop global warming once before and has vowed to do so again. The Biden administration managed to pass the biggest spending package on climate and clean energy, the Inflation Reduction Act, which is supposed to reduce US greenhouse gas emissions by roughly 40 percent compared to 2005 levels by 2030. Trump has also said, however, that he would “rescind all unspent funds” from the Inflation Reduction Act, stalling the nation’s transition to cleaner energy. When it comes to energy policy, the Republican platform says simply, “We will DRILL, BABY, DRILL.”
“Donald Trump was a disaster for climate progress during his first term, and everything he’s said and done since suggests he’s eager to do even more damage this time,” Sierra Club executive director Ben Jealous said in a statement. Sierra Club’s legal team filed more than 300 lawsuits against the Trump administration challenging its environmental rollbacks. “Trump has put profits over people time and again, prioritizing the bottom line of the Big Oil CEOs who bought and paid for his campaign above communities across the country who face the threat of pollution and the devastating impacts of the climate crisis.”
As gloomy as the forecast is come Inauguration Day, environmental advocates are undeterred. They’ve been through this before, after all. Many state and local leaders stepped up and formed a coalition to fill in the gaps in federal leadership on climate change after Trump was first elected in 2016. That kind of work will be crucial again moving forward.
On top of that, prominent environmental groups are already discussing potential legal actions they can take. The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) says it filed 163 cases against the Trump administration and won in close to 90 percent of cases that have been resolved so far.
“If he tries to roll back urgently needed climate gains, or follow his radical Project 2025 roadmap to environmental ruin, we’ll stand up for the environment and public health – in the court of public opinion and in our courts of law,” Manish Bapna, NRDC president, said in an emailed statement. “If Trump tries to turn our government against the people it serves, we’ll stand with the people. If he tries to purge the professional civil service we depend on for sound governance, we’ll stand by those who face political attack.”
Science
The first wooden satellite launched into space
In a first for the world, scientists launched a satellite made from wood into space. As it orbits the planet from some 250 miles away, researchers will study whether wood is sturdy enough for space.
Called LignoSat, after the Latin word for wood, the satellite launched Monday night aboard a SpaceX mission bound for the International Space Station. It’ll eventually be released into orbit, where instruments will measure how the wood fares under the harsh conditions of space over six months.
“With timber, a material we can produce by ourselves, we will be able to build houses, live and work in space forever,” Takao Doi, an astronaut and professor at Kyoto University, told Reuters.
Kyoto University researchers and timber company Sumitomo Forestry started working together on the space wood project in 2020. They conducted space exposure tests from the International Space Station over more than 240 days in 2022. They settled on using Hoonoki, a type of Magnolia wood, for its “high workability, dimensional stability, and overall strength.” The wood is often used to make traditional sword sheaths in Japan because it’s resistant to shattering, Reuters reports.
The lack of water or oxygen in space protects the wood satellite from fire or decay, according to the team from Kyoto University. They’ll also test how effective the wood is at protecting semiconductors from space radiation, according to Reuters.
“If we can prove our first wooden satellite works, we want to pitch it to Elon Musk’s SpaceX,” Doi said.
They also think that wooden satellites could be a less polluting option than metal satellites that release aluminum oxide particles when they burn up during re-entry. In 50 years, Doi’s team reportedly envisions growing wood for timber homes on the Moon and Mars.
Science
Eight Sleep Pod 4 Ultra review: for sale, good night’s sleep, just $4,700
I’m only half joking when I say that Eight Sleep’s temperature-controlling mattress cover improved my marriage. A good night’s sleep is elusive in my house. I’m always cold, my spouse runs hot. We battle nightly over the thermostat. So when I first reviewed an Eight Sleep cover, it was a revelation. I could curl up and drift off into a toasty slumber. My spouse could make like a penguin and sleep on a slab of ice.
The only thing I didn’t like was the nearly $1,900 price and the $19 monthly subscription. Fast-forward two years, and alas, I’m in the same pickle with Eight Sleep’s latest ludicrously expensive mattress cover: the Pod 4 Ultra, which starts at just under $4,700 for a Queen. Not including the mandatory annual membership, which starts at $199.
I can hear my mom’s ghost screeching. $4,700!? Are you insane?! Sleep is free! It’s a fair criticism, but good sleep is hard to come by. Eight Sleep’s whole pitch is that it helps create the perfect sleep conditions. The cover contains tubing that runs water from a control hub to separately warm or cool each side of the bed. It’s embedded with sleep-tracking sensors, plus haptic motors for a silent alarm, letting the bed vibrate at a gradually increasing intensity to gently wake you up. Lastly, there’s an AI-powered Autopilot feature that adjusts the temperature as you sleep so you theoretically get a better night’s rest. Since it’s a cover, you can zip it onto your existing mattress instead of having to shell out for an entire smart bed. (Those can cost up to a whopping $10,000.)
The latest Pod 4 Ultra does all of that, too — and it’s quite good at it. So why is it so much more expensive? Some of that is good ole price inflation, but the Ultra bundle also adds a base. It slots into your existing bed frame and lets you adjust the bed’s elevation and position. The cover itself has also been refined so it’s quieter, 20 percent thinner, and has twice the cooling power. Sleep tracking now includes snoring detection — and if you shell out for the base, the bed automatically lifts the head area to reduce said snoring. Eight Sleep also added touch controls via two “tap zones” on either side of the bed that let you adjust temperature, dismiss alarms, and adjust bed position without needing your phone.
It pains my penny-pinching soul that I love these updates.
Hear me out. I know no one needs a fancy $2,000 base to tweak their bed’s elevation. In my 36 years on Earth, stacking a bunch of pillows against the headboard has generally been good enough. But the bed elevating for you is regretfully delightful. On lazy Sundays, I hit the reading elevation preset and morph into a happy little shrimp while watching the latest brain-rotting season of Love is Blind. Cozying up with a book, feet and upper back elevated with my bed already warmed up for me is now my nightly routine. (It’s also the comfiest way to doomscroll.) There are two other presets for relaxing and sleeping, and you can set your own custom elevation, too.
Having the base also gets you a nifty snoring mitigation feature. When enabled, the bed will automatically lift when it detects snoring. It’s not perfect. I’ve woken up a few times to a moving bed. Even so, I’d rather be slightly disoriented by a moving bed than have to grumpily wake up my snoring spouse to get them to quiet down. Especially since I haven’t woken up every time. Sometimes I only know an adjustment happens because it pops up in Eight Sleep’s morning sleep report. Either way, I now have definitive proof that I snore much, much less than my spouse.
The main downside — besides the cost — is the base isn’t ideal if you have small wily pets. My cat Petey never viewed the bed as a foe before, but now that it moves, it’s become public enemy number one. It moves, he pounces, claws unsheathed. I’m afraid one of these days, he’s going to poke a hole in the Pod 4 Ultra — a device full of water at any given moment. Cats also love exploring under the bed, which led to an incident where he almost got pancaked by the bed lowering. It’s now a family rule that all cats must be accounted for before changing bed elevation.
I asked Eight Sleep about the seeming lack of safety features. “We have no reported cases of people or small pets being harmed by the Pod 4 Ultra Base,” says Sam Kang, Eight Sleep’s VP of hardware. “We also move the base very slowly to allow time for anything that may be underneath the lowering portion to get out of the way.” I still say you ought to be overly cautious, especially as there are no warnings within the app.
Bed elevation is cool, but the upgrade I love most is the touch controls. The tap zones, located on either side of the bed, are textured so you can easily feel them through the sheets. Double tapping raises the bed temperature, while triple tapping lowers it. A quadruple tap will let you cycle through bed elevation presets (e.g., reading, relaxation, sleeping, etc.). But it’s most helpful in snoozing or dismissing the silent alarm. Mine vibrates my side of the bed at 5:45AM so I can get ready for my cursed morning workout. All I have to do is roll over, pat the bed twice, and I don’t disturb my spouse. Previously, I’d have to blindly search for my phone, launch the Eight Sleep app, and dismiss the alarm that way. I was never quick enough, and the “silent” alarm is actually quite loud the longer you let it go. (The vibrations are quite powerful.) Adding the touch controls lets me use the silent alarm more confidently — and lets my spouse get some extra Zzzs.
The other updates are less flashy but improve the overall experience. The hub, for instance, is definitely quieter. With the Pod 2 Pro, it would occasionally whirr while filling the bed with water. It wasn’t too noisy, but it was loud enough that my spouse would comment. We don’t really notice the Pod 4’s hub, except when it’s time to refill the tank. It’s still kind of big — about the size of a slim gaming PC, but after a while you forget it’s there. The cover itself looks the same, but it’s now thinner and has redesigned tubing for better comfort and efficient cooling. I think I noticed when we first used the Pod 4 Ultra, but it’s not something that made a huge overall impact. It’s hard to say whether the cooling is also two times more powerful, though I do feel like it’s ever so slightly faster at reaching the desired temperature.
Expensive bed tech is inherently ridiculous. A mattress has one job: to be a comfy place for you to sleep. Adding tech to it overcomplicates one of the most natural things a human can do. But this is the age of optimization, and wellness influencers would have you believe that none of us sleep as well as we should. (Though, you could easily fix this by buying a supplement or product using a code in their bio. How else could mouth taping take over TikTok?) That sleepmaxxing has become a viral trend speaks to how much the average person wants to sleep better. In this environment, a $5,000 smart mattress cover — not even a mattress — that promises you the best night of fully optimized, AI-automated sleep is the most 2024 piece of wellness tech imaginable. It drives me bonkers that I can’t even argue with the results! Yes, it can be finicky at first, and it took months to really notice how much my sleep had improved. But the fact is my spouse and I, both lifelong insomniacs, have been sleeping like babies.
The last time I thought this hard about a bed was in my early 20s. After seven years of sleeping on paper-thin, rock-hard futons, I’d accumulated enough bodily pains that my doctor demanded I buy a proper mattress. Almost overnight, the pain that had been plaguing me for years disappeared. No one is more upset than I that switching from a regular mattress to an Eight Sleep product had similar, albeit less dramatic, results. Not once, but twice.
Even so, I still struggle with this price tag. Particularly since features like Autopilot, silent alarms, and sleep insights, are locked behind a mandatory $199 annual subscription that you pay for upfront. You can cancel after a year, so long as you’re okay with losing every single feature except manual temperature control. Eight Sleep says it does this to develop, maintain, and improve its smart features, but subscribing to your bed fundamentally feels wrong. Adjusting the temperature is the most important feature, but it’s not worth the entry price if that’s all you’re getting.
And yet, I remain tempted. It’s why I hate that I love this bed. On the one hand, it’s continually solved a major problem my spouse and I have with our sleep preferences. On the other, we still managed to sleep on a regular, not-so-smart bed in the past and could do so again. Even if we’d have to go back to battling over the thermostat. It’d be so much easier to make this decision if the Pod 4 Ultra sucked. But it doesn’t! Now my problem is figuring out how much a good night’s sleep is really worth.
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